Grammar C1
Practice C1 grammar with scan-friendly lesson cards and the same assignment routes already in place.
Advanced Articles
A complete C1 guide to articles, zero article with abstract, proper, and institutional nouns; the with unique entities, superlatives, mountain ranges, oceans, deserts, ships; geographical naming patterns; time periods and music genres.
Cleft Sentences
A complete C1 guide to cleft sentences for emphasis and focus, it-clefts (It was X who/that…), wh-clefts (What I want is…), and All / The reason / The thing structures.
Compound Modals
A complete C1 guide to compound past modals (could have been doing, must have been done, should have been done, might have been doing, would have had to) for past speculation, deduction, regret, and counterfactual obligation.
Advanced Discourse Markers
A complete C1 guide to nuanced discourse markers (mind you, having said that, that said, as a matter of fact, come to think of it, for what it's worth, to be fair, if anything, in any case) for contrast, hedging, and attitude.
Emphasis and Fronting
A complete C1 guide to emphatic structures, topic and object fronting, emphatic do/did/does, so/such inversion, it-clefts and wh-clefts, and focusing patterns for stressing what matters.
Inversion After Negative Adverbials
A complete C1 guide to subject–auxiliary inversion after fronted negative adverbials such as Never, Hardly, Not only, Rarely, Seldom, Little, At no time, and Under no circumstances.
Inversion in Conditionals
A complete C1 guide to formal conditional inversion (Were she to…, Had I known…, and Should you need…) used as elegant, formal alternatives to if-clauses.
Participle Clauses
A complete C1 guide to participle clauses, present participle (-ing), past participle (-ed/V3), perfect participle (Having + V3), and passive participle structures used to combine ideas concisely.
Advanced Reported Speech
A complete C1 guide to reporting verbs and their patterns, suggest doing, advise + obj + to + V, accuse + obj + of + ing, deny + ing, refuse + to, threaten + to, apologize for + ing, insist on + ing, urge + obj + to + V, warn + obj + against + ing.
In Case
A complete C1 guide to in case, how to use it for possibilities, the difference between in case and if, just in case, and the in case of structure for notices and instructions.
Like and As If
A complete C1 guide to like and as if, how to describe appearances, sounds, and feelings, the difference between look + adjective and look like + clause, and the special past tense use for unreal present situations.
Unless, As Long As, and Provided
A complete C1 guide to unless, as long as, so long as, provided, and providing, how they express conditions, the difference from if, and the present tense rule for future conditions.
Future Perfect Progressive
A complete C1 guide to the future perfect progressive for actions that will continue up to a future moment. Covers form, duration phrases, and common mistakes.
Passive Causative
A complete C1 guide to passive causative structures. Covers have and get something done, causative passives with modals, and common errors.
Subjunctive
A complete C1 guide to the subjunctive for formal recommendations, requirements, and unreal situations. Covers mandative subjunctive, were for unreal conditions, and should alternatives.